Production of Liquefied Natural Gas

Introduction Exxon Mobil Corporation is a multinational corporation that deals with oil and gas production. Having its headquarters located in Irving, Texas, Exxon Mobil Corporation has its shares enlisted in the New York Stock Exchange. The company as well trades its shares in Dow Jones and SP 500 Component. The company reserves an average of 70 billion oil barrels every year.Advertising We will write a custom coursework sample on Production of Liquefied Natural Gas specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Exxon Mobil Corporation has about 40 oil refineries brances in about 20 countries in the world. Having been formed in 1870, the company has emerged as one of the largest refiner in the world. Averagely, Exxon Mobil produces about 3.9 million barrels of oil. Exxon Mobil Corporation majorly markets its products through the brands of Mobil, Esso and Exxon (Casper Matraves 2003, p. 112). Global operating divisions The company has a range of divisions, which helps the firm to carry out its activities effectively. The first category is upstream, which majorly deals with oil exploration, wholesale operations, shipping of diverse oil products as well as extraction. The upstream division is located in Houston, Texas. The downstream division is located in Fairfax, Virginia and chiefly deals with retail operations, refining and marketing. The chemical division is as well located in Houston, Texas and mainly deals with a range of chemicals produced by the company for different purposes (Peteraf 1993, p. 7). African National Oil Corporation African National Oil Corporation is amongst the largest oil companies, which dominates the large part of Sub-Saharan desert. The company is based in Tripoli, Libya and merely deals with upstream and downstream products. Founded in 1970, the company has grown to own several subsidiaries in the continent such as Zawia Refining, RASCO, Brega, North African Geophysical Exploration Company and National Oil Fields among others. Although the company is state-owned, its chairperson Nuri Berruien and Abdulrahman Ben Yezza have enabled the company emerge as one of the very competitive oil companies in the world. African National Oil Corporation output accounts for over 70% in Libya (Wittner 2003, p. 12). Indeed, Libya is said to have the largest oil reserve in Africa. Other countries that have almost equal reserves include Nigeria and Algeria. As is the case with other countries in Africa, Libya is a member of OPEC (organization of petroleum exporting countries).Advertising Looking for coursework on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The Sirte Basin province was ranked 13th amongst other provinces in the world as having high-level of petroleum. The province is chiefly known to have reserves of 37.8 trillion cubic feet of gas and 0.1 Gbbl of natural gas in liquid form. Libya has managed to bring its eco nomy into control through manipulation of the oil resources policies. It has been estimated that oil products generates about 95% of the total export earnings and contributes about 50% of the GDP computed to stand at about $50.2 billion in the year 2006. Onshore gas field After exploring and carrying out an appraisal program in a potential oil field, which is about 200km south of the Mediterranean Sea, it was confirmed that the field needs about 150 wells, although the field will also need pipelines. The pipeline facilities would include condensation recovery facilities, as well as dehydration plants. A pipeline of 220 kilometers would be laid somewhere in the land from the coast. In addition, a new liquefied natural gas terminal would be built. The appraisal program also confirmed that specialized LNG vessels would be built, as it would help to ship gas to a given terminal along the U.S. coast (Amable 2003, p. 46). Exxon Mobil Power Production Sharing Contract Proposal As scholars define it, Production Sharing Contract is a kind of contract that is signed between companies that desire to extract resources, especially oil firms and governments that own natural resources and wishing to attract contractors. Mostly, governments usually give a contractor some powers to conduct exploration related activities as well as production. In this situation, a company always bears all risks associated with exploration and developing the field to become significant in production of a given natural resource. After a company is through with development, it may start producing a natural resource such as oil. In many circumstances, a company is always allowed to use profit from the resource in recovering its capital in addition to operating expenditures. The amount associated with recovering the costs is widely recognized as cost oil while the profit left after allocating revenues to all oil costs is referred to as profit oil. The oil profit is normally shared between the govern ment and the contractor. Previously, most companies have been earning 20% of the profit while government goes with a whopping 80% of the oil profit.Advertising We will write a custom coursework sample on Production of Liquefied Natural Gas specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Production sharing contract has become effective for countries that lack expertise in oil production as well as capital required for oil exploration and development (Hollingsworth 2000, p. 45). Most countries in Africa often attract foreign companies in production of oil related products with a view that it would be able to own production facilities after a given period. It is also apparent that most African countries lack expertise in oil production and sometimes they end up producing substandard products. Therefore, it is advisable for foreign companies to be given a chance as far as oil exploration is concerned. Signature Bonus Because it is mostly used in oi l producing countries, the signature bonus system tends to make an upfront payment to the country owning resources. The upfront payment enables a foreign company to begin its operations within a designated locality of in the host country. Frequently, this system has been accepted because a given company has the right to exploit natural resources in an approved region. Exxon Mobil will embrace the signature bonus initially by paying $0.1 billion before beginning its operations. The 0.1 billion is assumed that it would strongly attract ANOC in considering Exxon Mobil as the best foreign company in exploring and producing gas that will be shipped to the East coast of the U.S. However, this figure is much high as compared to what other companies would have proposed (Kanniainen Keuschnigg 2005, p. 145). Nevertheless, the company is hopeful that 0.1 million will be recovered within a short period. In fact, it would be more reasonable to sign for such huge bonuses given the fact that Sirt e Basin province was ranked 13th amongst other provinces in the world. Therefore, the reserves of 37.8 trillion cubic feet of gas and 0.1 Gbbl of natural gas in liquid form assures that Exxon Mobil will certainly stand a chance of compensating all expenditure expended in oil production in all fields. The signature bonus amount is expected to put off other companies from getting the contract of producing liquefied natural gas in a field of length 220 kilometers south of Mediterranean Sea. The company expects date of operation to begin from February 15 2012 and probably stop its operation on February 15 2037.Advertising Looking for coursework on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This duration is anticipated to remain unchanged unless unpredictable events that are binding for the termination of operation occur within the duration of operation. Exxon Mobil will comply with all requirements signed under the signature including exploiting only designated area, bringing its technology of production in the area, proving enough it has more than minimum capital requirement of 8 billion US dollars. Exxon Mobil has a good reputation of not breaking terms and conditions provided on the contract. Royalties Royalty is very important in power sharing contract since at this point title of ownership passes on to contractor. For the ownership to pass on to a contractor, a licensee must pay a certain amount of money commonly known as royalty fee. After a licensee have paid the royalty fee he/she is given go ahead of using natural resources provided by licensor. In this regard, Exxon Mobil will acquire ownership for 25 years by offering an upfront payment of $.1 billion. The payment will be made before the commencement of operations. The upfront payment of $.1 billion is anticipated to give Exxon Mobil a competitive advantage over other petroleum and gas producing companies such as Galana Oil Company. However, the company will later pay stream of a given ratio of the revenue received from operations. Nevertheless, Exxon Mobil will begin distributing annual 15% of total revenue at the end of 5th year. Exxon Mobil anticipates that it will be able to generate total revenue of 3,202,580,645 pounds at an annual basis. Exxon Mobil believes that the remaining 85% of revenue will be able to pay for other costs associated with investment such as exploration costs, development cost and production costs, which are specifically incurred before commencement of selling of liquefied natural gas. Exxon Mobility will however, embrace sliding royalty scale, which is as shown below in order to reap optimally from the gas production. Production per day Royalty percentage 8 ,000 bbl per day and below 10% 8001 bbl-15,000bbl per day 15% 15,000 bbl per day and above 20% The above sliding scale denotes that when the production level is low royalty payment will be low. This will defend Exxon Mobil from high level of losses incurred during low level of productions (Michael McGahan 2007, p. 231). Cost recovery Cost recovery is a very important aspect in power sharing contract especially with production of liquefied gas at the field, which is estimated at 200 kilometers south of the Mediterranean Sea. The cost recovery part of Exxon Mobil and ANOC contract will enable both parties to understand clearly, which costs are recoverable and which will be recovered within a designated period. In particular, Exxon Mobil will face partly exploration costs, development costs as well as the production costs. However, production costs are only counted up to the period when a product will be able to sell in the market. Exxon Mobil will be able to determine the period with in which it would be able to recoup all investment costs aimed towards producing liquefied natural gas. Exxon Mobil will comply with 100% payment policy of all costs incurred in the operation. Exxon Mobil will be free to allow ANOC to participate in production of liquefied natural gas up to the percentage of 45%. Exxon Mobil will be ready to recover all expenditures if production of liquefied natural gas will be sufficient. This means that the gas produced should be able to meet a target of average revenue of 3,202,580,645 pounds every year. In addition, Exxon Mobil will agree with ANOC that it facilitate recovery of annual costs with maximum of 60% of the revenue generated during the period. Allocation of profit gas between ExxonMobil and the African National Oil Company From the Exxon Mobil perception, it is wise to pay royalties first, although it is a law for the companies to pay royalties first. From the royalties, Exxon Mobil will as well be required by law to pay all taxes in cluding both local and state taxes. The final payment will be charged for all costs associated with the explorations, development and production activities. The remaining amount after the subsequent charges is normally referred as profit gas, which will be available for both ANOC and Exxon Mobil. The amount is expected to be distributed at the ratio of 6:4. To calculate the amount, which will directly go to the government, it would be necessary to get all costs. In the case of Exxon Mobil, it is anticipated to pay annual production tax of 4%, 15% of royalty in addition to maximum (cost gas cap) of 60% of annual revenue. In this circumstance, a profit gas of 21% [100 %-( 60%+15%+4%)] will be distributed between the government of Libya and Exxon Mobil at the ratio of 6:4. This means that Exxon Mobil will only make away with 4%of the 21% average annual revenue. However, the government of Libya will share the remaining 6% of the 21% revenue with the state-owned company at the ratio of 7 :3. The percentage allocated to the state-owned company is meant to improve facilities owned by ANOC in different regions of Libya and abroad. The government is expected to depend on the revenue for various government expenditures such as ensuring high level of education. This can be judged in such a manner given the fact that Libya oil industry makes 90% of exports (Ghemawat 1999, p. 10). Profit taxes Exxon Mobil will pay taxes in accordance with the law taxes provided in Libya. Libya requires that all domestic companies pay corporate tax of 30% while foreign companies will be charged at the rate of 40%. In addition, the charges are imposed at both the local level and state level. All-inclusive, it is expected that every foreign company will have to pay the entire 40% of its before-tax revenue. The tax before revenue will be perceived as all revenues collected less all costs associated with investment and production, as well as royalty fee and the upfront bonus signature fees. In a ddition, the liquefied natural gas, which will consequently be transported to the East coast of the U.S.A., will as well be charged export taxes at the rate of 9%. Accounting standards and foreign exchange Exxon Mobil has dedicated itself towards using the full cost method in analyzing its expenses and revenues. For this reason, the company will frequently allocate its entire expenses to the balance sheet regardless of whether the firm would successfully locate the natural gas reserves or not. The exploration costs are always indicated in the balance sheet as long-term costs although the GAAP requires all costs to be charged against the generated revenue for the specified financial period since the assets are used on a daily basis. The company is expected to convert the US dollar into sterling pounds at the rate of US $1.5 for every one sterling pound. Export rights Exxon Mobil will enter into contract with ANOC to allow it to export most of its unrefined liquefied natural gas to th e East coast of the U.S. for further processing. Exxon Mobil will however pay the export tax of 9% of the total cost of entire liquefied natural gas shipped to the U.S. Duration of contract phases and relinquishment The contract is expected to last within the duration of 25 years. The 25 years include the 4 years, which ultimately do not generate any revenue. The four years will also include the payment of the yearly investment cost of US$2 billion, which will total to US$8 billion for the 8 years. In the remaining 21 years, the company expects to generate3, 202,580,645 pounds on an annual basis. Nevertheless, termination of the contract may occur before the expiry date of the contract given that Exxon Mobil will fail to comply with the rules outlined on the contract such as failure to pay royalty fees or other costs negotiated between the government and Exxon Mobil’s directors. Meeting predetermined objectives of ANOC Technology Transfer Exxon Mobil is expected to transfer s ophisticated methods of productions to Libya. This will include bringing experts in gas exploitation in Libya as well as advanced facilities that would help in production of liquefied natural gas. Exxon Mobil is focused towards training the local residents in a bid to empower them with sufficient knowledge concerning gas production as well as oil products exploitation (Besanko Dranove 1996, p. 67). Development Local content Exxon Mobil will as well plan to improve the society of Libya by offering several incentives. Infrastructure development Exxon Mobil is focused towards helping Libya in improving its infrastructure. Exxon Mobil will particularly improve electricity in the north part on Libya. Exxon Mobil is as well planning to improve road network throughout the country with a grand of US$20 million. Apart from roads and electricity, Exxon Mobil is dedicated towards improving the level of education by pumping in US$30 million (Gompers Lerner 2004, p. 58). Laying 225 kilometer p ipeline Exxon Mobil is planning to lay a pipeline approximately 225 kilometers south of Mediterranean coast. The pipeline is budgeted at US$1million for every kilometer. It is also expected that Exxon Mobil will spend 2% of the planned operational expenditure. Exxon Mobil will contract a more competitive firm. In this respect, it would be wise for Exxon Mobil to choose PIPECO for the development as well as laying of 225-kilometer pipeline south of Mediterranean sea. The PIPECO has more competitive services as well as cost effective services that would help the entire work carried out during the production of gas effectively. The PIPECO covers the following scope. Engineering Design PIPECCO mostly imports its pipeline products from Germany, which are perceived to be stainless. PIPECO will help Exxon Mobil to lay pipes across the field in a manner that will run through areas, which are highly expected to have high level of gas. The company is also expecting to install about 30 natural liquefied gas terminals. The pipelines are expected to serve the area within the duration of 30 years before replacement. Procurement The pipeline, which will be laid on the ground, will be imported from Germany. The stainless steel pipe will be purchased at the cost of US$100 for every meter. The terminals will also be equipped with special terminals that will be purchased from France. All terminal equipments are expected to be purchased at a cost of US$1 million. Pipeline construction The pipeline construction will involve a number of issues including trenching, welding as well as reconstituting the route. The company will dig about 0.5 meters to 3 meters below the ground in order to lay the pipes, which will transport natural liquefied gas towards the coast to be shipped to the U.S. Welding will be done in order to allow the joining of laid down pieces of pipes across the 225 kilometer route. The construction will begin from the inland and finalize with terminals that would be s ituated at the coast. The construction of pipelines is estimated to cost US$1 million for very kilometer. PIPECO is expecting that Exxon Mobil would consider this affordable as compared to what other companies might be offering (Hall Soskice 2001, p. 89). 5 years operation PIPECO is expecting to run and maintain the laid down pipes for about 5 years from the time of construction. PIPECO realized that it would take Exxon Mobil 4 years to execute all activities pertaining to investment during this period and therefore, it will hardly earn anything from the investment. Exxon Mobil is expected to start generating revenue on the 5th year. Due to this, PIPECO will remain on the ground to ensure the pipes remain effective for gas production within the designated period of 5 years. Before the installment of the pipes, PIPECO will dedicate its time in advising Exxon Mobil on the best pipes to lay on the ground, which perhaps will remain effective for over 30 years without the need for repla cement. In addition, PIPECO will advice Exxon Mobil in areas that would prove efficient for pipes to be laid, which would include avoiding hilly areas that might require a lot of pressure to pump the liquefied natural gas. Most importantly, Exxon Mobil should avoid populated areas and rather lay the pipes across regions with less population to avoid leakage of pipes through road construction and other underground activities that might interfere with the pipelines. Populated areas are also risky areas as they are more exposed to criminal cases such as banditry. However, PIPECO is determined towards negotiating the price of laying down the pipes, although PIPECO will not accept any amount below US$800,000 due to risks associated with losses or facing increased cost of labor as well as procurement of the pipes. Exxon Mobil will mostly pay attention to services of PIPECO considering that laying of pipelines for various companies, which transport liquids, is its core business. Payment as sociated with performance and equity investment PIPECO will propose for a contract that will be based on performance. PIPECO would like to be rewarded in terms of its performance as well as equity investment. Payment based on performance would most likely attract Exxon Mobil since PIPECO would be paid less if its services are considered ineffective. This means that PIPECO will endure to produce the best services followed by best engineering products. However, equity investment might not be attractive considering that Exxon Mobil might fail to perform in the market. Therefore, its shares would depreciate in value leading to losses (Oster 1994, p. 36). List of references Amable, B 2003, The Diversity of Modern Capitalism, Oxford University Press, Oxford. Besanko, D Dranove, D 1996, Economics of Strategy, John Willey Sons, Nueva York. Casper, S Matraves, C 2003, â€Å"Institutional Frameworks and Innovation in the German and UK Pharmaceutical Industry†, Research Policy, Vol. 32, no. 1, pp 1865–1879. Ghemawat, P 1999, Games Businesses Play: Cases and Models, MIT Press, Cambridge. Gompers, P Lerner, J 2004, The Venture Capital Cycle, MIT Press, Cambridge. Hall, PA Soskice, W 2001, Varieties of Capitalism: The Institutional Foundations of Comparative Advantage, Oxford University Press, Oxford. Hollingsworth, RJ 2000, â€Å"Doing Institutional Analysis: Implications for the Study of Innovations†, Review of International Political Economy, Vol. 7, no. 1, pp 595–644. Kanniainen, V Keuschnigg, C 2005, Venture Capital, Entrepreneurship, and Public Policy, MIT Press, Cambridge. Michael, P McGahan, MA 2007, â€Å"An Interview with Michael Porter†, The Academy of Management Executive, Issue 16, no. 1, pp 2-44. Oster, SM 1994, Modern Competitive Analysis, Oxford University Press, Nueva Peteraf, MA 1993, â€Å"The Cornerstone of Competitive Advantage: A Resource-Based View†, Strategic Management Journal, Issue.14, no.1, pp 179- 191. Wittner, P 2003, The European Generics Outlook: A Country-by-Country Analysis of Developing Market Opportunities and Revenue Defense Strategies, Datamonitor, London. This coursework on Production of Liquefied Natural Gas was written and submitted by user Johnny Harris to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Slink, Shrink, and Wink

Slink, Shrink, and Wink Slink, Shrink, and Wink Slink, Shrink, and Wink By Maeve Maddox Last week I found the word slinked in manuscripts submitted by two different members of my writers’ group. In both mss I drew a wavy line under it to represent the shudder that the -ed past ending on this verb stirred in me. The principal parts of slink are slink/slunk/slunk.: Then I got to thinking about various verbs that rhyme with slink and realized that although slinked pushed my shudder button, I have no problem with winked. And while I accept slunk as the simple past of slink, I’ll never become reconciled to the movie title Honey, I Shrunk the Kids. I want it to be Honey, I Shrank the Kids. The verb shrink has an additional kink: the attributive form shrunken. Ex. My sweater has shrunk in the wash. BUT Just look at this shrunken sweater! Here are some more verbs that rhyme with slink. Ill define only those that I think may be unfamiliar to some readers. clink/clinked/clinked â€Å"to make a sharp, abrupt metallic sound† The chain clinked as he walked. blink/blinked/blinked The prisoner blinked in the bright sun. drink/drank/drunk Like shrink, drink has an attributive form ending in -en: He walks like a drunken sailor. fink/finked/finked â€Å"to inform on† The petty criminal finked on his boss. kink/kinked/kinked â€Å"to twist or curl stiffly, especially at one point. The hose kinked at the worst possible time. pink/pinked/pinked â€Å"to cut or perforate† The tailor pinked the edges of the cloth. stink/stank/stunk The garbage stank up the house. The Compact OED gives stunk as an option for the simple past. think/thought/thought He thought a long time before making a decision. ink/inked/inked Her job was to ink the platen press. link/linked/linked The blogger linked to several sites. sink/sank/sunk The boat sank in a squall. Like shrink and drink, sink has an attributive form ending in -en: He’s looking for sunken treasure. skink/skinked/skinked Yes, this is a word in the OED: skink: v. trans. To draw or pour out (alcoholic drink), to decant; to offer or serve (wine, etc.) to a person. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Grammar category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Coordinating vs. Subordinating Conjunctions"Confused With" and "Confused About"50+ Words That Describe Animals (Including Humans)

SPS 002 Using the One Thing Time Blocking to Finally Write Your First Book with Jay Papasan

SPS 002 Using the One Thing Time Blocking to Finally Write Your First Book with Jay Papasan SPS 002: Using the One Thing Time Blocking to Finally Write Your First Book with Jay Papasan 1 SharesToday, I am joined by Jay Papasan, Vice President of Publishing at Keller Williams Realty, Inc. in Austin, Texas. This is a real estate franchise company with over 74,000 real estate agents operating across the US and Canada.Jay has co-authored multiple bestsellers including The Millionaire Real Estate Agent, The Millionaire Real Estate Investor, and The ONE Thing. Before co-authoring the bestselling real estate series with Gary Keller, Jay was an editor at HarperCollins where he worked on bestselling books such as Body For Life by Bill Phillips and Go For the Goal by Mia Hamm.The ONE Thing is one of my top 5 books of all time. I have a lot of favorite books, but this one I constantly go back to and highly recommend. In fact, our entire company will be reading this book next month as required reading. Today, we will be talking about a lot of the principles from the book and how they apply to writing.For all this and much more, listen in to this episode of the Self-Publishing School podcast!You can find Jay here:JayPapasan.comJay Papasan on LinkedInJay Papasan on Facebook@jaypapasan on TwitterShow Notes[01:53] How The ONE Thing has had the most impact on Jays life and how it is impactful for others.[03:45] How Jay ended up working on his first book at Keller Williams by running into Gary Keller in the bathroom.[05:04] Jay had actually worked on two of the books that Gary wanted to model for the real estate series.[06:46] The process for outlining the first book and how Jay wrote the chapters.[08:20] The toughest parts of writing the first book was keeping disciplined, because the novelty of writing wore off fast. Jay wrote discipline is freedom on the wall to help stay focused.[10:11] How to feel confident and overcome imposter syndrome by powering through until things shifted.[11:07] The biggest mistake made with the first book was self-publishing with an awful cover. They went cheap instead of taking the time to perfect the cover.[13:44] The writing pr ocess of creating an outline and then handing it off to researchers for additional quotes, stories etc. so they wouldnt have to go down the research rabbit hole before writing.[16:26] Coming up with visuals before writing the chapter. Having a visual ready to go will help drive and organize the writing. Lists, graphics, underlines, etc.[18:10] Time blocking every day to make sure they are writing every day. The most productive people make appointments with themselves.[19:29] Creating habits by writing an intention statement that states, when and where you will do something, makes it three times more likely to get done.[22:02] How to strengthen the discipline muscle to make time blocking a priority to get things done. Write first thing in the morning.[29:08] Setting a time limit so that non-writing activities dont bleed into early day writing time. Use a timer to put an artificial limit on these activities.[31:21] Batching email and checking it only 3 times a day using a time limit a nd blocking off 18 to 20 days a month for writing. If a writing day is canceled, be sure to replace it.[35:56] Building a bunker. Finding a place to be productive and away from distractions. Store provisions, meaning have what you need on hand and sweep for mines or turn your phone and distractions off. Enlist support by explaining why you shouldnt be disturbed.[41:52] Multitasking and switching have costs. The interruptions prevent us from going deep and staying on task. 28% of work time can be lost to reorientation time.[46:23] How being distracted from a primary task can even prevent us from going back to the primary task.[47:29] What the 4 thieves of productivity are. Inability to say no. Fear of chaos. Poor health habits. The environment does not support your goals.[56:28] Advice for writing the first book. Do it for yourself and commit a certain amount of time to writing. Make it a ritual and form the writing habit.

Biology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Biology - Essay Example (2) Why/How Creation Scientists Say Evolution Violates The Laws of Thermodynamics. (3) On Whether The Thermodynamics Laws Are Actually Violated or Not 5 Question 3- Making Both the Best Evolutionary/Biological and Logical/Rational Argument Relating to the Question: Which came first, the chicken or the egg? 7 Question 5- Common English Understanding of the First and Second Thermodynamics Laws. (2) Arguments For How The Theory of Natural Selection (a) Violates the Thermodynamics Laws and (b) Does Not Violate the Thermodynamic Laws . (3) Explaining How Life Works at the Chemical Level. 9 Question 7- (1) Similarities in the ideas of Lamarck and Darwin Relating to Gradual Evolution (2) Differences in the Ideas of Lamarck and Darwin (3) Reasons for Darwin's Hesitancy in Publishing His â€Å"Dangerous Idea†, Evidence Darwin Was Missing 11 Works Cited 13 Question 1- (1) Influence of 19th Century Worldviews on Charles Darwin. (2) How Darwin's Worldview Changed Between 1830 and 1860. (3 ) How My Worldview Has Been Changed/Affected by the Course There had been considerable intellectual and scientific ferment in the 19th century, around the time of Darwin's work and prior, that had considerable impact on the Charles Darwin and his theory with regard to evolution, natural selection, and the survival of the fittest. Those include changes in the scientific understanding of the age of the earth, which had previously been pegged at a few thousand years, and subsequently revised to be much older based on discovered and analyzed fossil records. This old age meant that Darwin's theory of natural selection over eons, millions of years, could hold water. Another was the worldview espoused by the theories of Malthus with regard to the economics of of population growth. Food supplies determined population growth and kept population numbers in check, or else, in the absence of such food supply restrictions, numbers would rise without pause. It is this insight that Darwin extended into all kinds of living populations, both plant life and animal life and species. He figured that checks in nature are abundant, and include disease, food restrictions, the weather, water, and other key resources that determine who in a population will survive and breed. This is the basics of his natural selection theory (Hayden; The Economist Newspaper Limited; Walmswell). Meanwhile, the changes in Darwin's worldview from 1830 to 1860 mimicked the evolution of his thinking and theory from the time he set out as a naturalist in 1831 to the time of the initial publication of his theory and findings in 1858, when he became convinced of the validity of his theory of natural selection, of the mutability of species and the role that natural selection plays in the way all creatures evolve through time (Hayden; The Economist Newspaper Limited; Walmswell). With regard to my own worldview, I had been exposed indirectly to the ideas of Darwin growing up, and had grown up hearing about terms like survival of the fittest as well as natural selection and the evolution of different species. It has shaped my early understanding of my own evolution as a kind of personal progress. This course, though made me aware that natural selection has more to do with how the different factors/forces around me determine whether me or someone else live a long time and prosper to the point of thriving/raising children. My new understanding includes an appreciation for human diversity, and the way that diversity as a whole allows the human race to adapt and move forward amid changing external circumstances (Hayden; The Economist Newspaper Limited; Walmswell). Question 2- (1) The Laws of Thermodynamics in My Own Words. (2) Why/How Creation Scientists Say Evolution Violates The Laws of

Motivation Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Motivation Plan - Essay Example Each of the employee were asked to fill the two forms i.e. Employee Passion Survey and Team Alignment Survey. Both of the forms allowed the team responsible for motivating employees, the factors they are important for motivating them and they are shown in the table. Some research was done to identify the most effective strategies for motivating the employees and the most effective and easily implemented motivational strategies for different kinds of employees are deduced from the researches of Shanks (2011) and Ukandu and Ukpere (2011). The details of the motivational strategy for each employee alongwith the Action plan are detailed in the table. Team Member Name Summary of Individual Characteristics Motivational Strategy and Action Plan Relevant Theory Employee X Self-motivated and satisfied with the job Understands and handles all the responsibilities very well Demonstrates potential of handling critical tasks Well-organized and enjoys his work Performance can be improved when more critical tasks are assigned Since the employee is self-motivated, the supervisor will have to develop the leadership skills in him. The supervisor will have to arrange a meeting with him, discuss his positive qualities and then recommend him areas of improvement. The employee must be given feedback about his performance so that he knows how he is performing in the organization. Once the employee will see that he can handle additional responsibilities and that supervisor trusts him, then he must rewarded for his additional contribution. The team will have to ensure that the employees are rewarded for improved performance and also for performing critical tasks efficiently. The supervisor must give feedback to his employee after reviewing his performance after completion of the project. When the employee will feel that his work is being appreciated, he will be willing to make more valuable contribution and will be more satisfied with his job. Two theories can be applied for Employee X : 1. Herzberg’s Two Factor Theory 2. Mc Gregor’s Theory X and Y Employee Y Proper instructions alongwith guidelines need to be given Multiple tasks are difficult to manage Communication is difficult for the employee as he gets easily distracted Lack of self-confidence leads to inability of multiple tasking Gets emotional quickly and does not think logically The manager of employee Y will have to first work with his employee to understand why he is lacking confidence. The survey revealed that he found himself to be less competent. Hence, the manager will have to act as a role model for him and will develop his confidence in him. The emotional element of the employee needs to be controlled and it will be done solely by sending him on the workshop in which he should be trained about controlling his emotions and not letting it impact on his work. Once the employee is able to control his emotions and not get distracted while performing his tasks, then he will be able to han dle multiple tasks without stress and he will start feeling motivated and satisfied with his job. Hence, the manager will have to prepare him to handle tougher tasks and control his emotions to a greater extent. The manager should review the performance during and at the end of the project and acknowledge when he performs well. The appreciation should also be shown in the form of some reward that is of value to him. Theory that can be implemented for Employee Y is McClelland’

Chaotic Nature Essay Example for Free

Chaotic Nature Essay ‘The chaotic nature of the Nazi Government structure explains the failures in German war production during the Second World War’. Discuss. There is ample evidence that Germany’s war production levels increased during the Second World War in 1942, when ammunition, tanks and total arms increased by significant percentages due to Albert Speer relaxing constraints on businesses, and increasing the number of workers. However, one cannot not deny that the chaotic nature of the Nazi Government structure undermined war production excessively, due to the fact the German economy was not fully mobilised for war. It is also evident that the shortage of raw materials and labour affected the economy massively, furthermore with the SS remaining loyal to themselves; murdering six million Jews instead of seeking labour. The key factor of the failures in German war production is that the Nazi state was too chaotic and remained loyal to their ideology rather than to the war effort, with too many agencies competing for any consistent policy to be formulated; thus slackening war production. Certainly, the chaotic nature of the Nazi Government is the most significant factor of Germany’s failed war production. Hitler planned to start the war in 1942, 3 years later than when it officially started, additionally he didn’t plan when and how he was going to attack the USSR. The actual mobilisation of the German economy was marred by inefficiency and poor co-ordination. Additionally, Nazi leadership was shocking, as the pressures resulting from the premature outbreak of war created problems, due to many agencies’ projects encouraged being ready for 1943. As a result, all the agencies continued to function in their own way, and not together which created conflict. Thus, the Nazi economy was characterised by shortages, duplicates and waste; with Britain spending half as much and producing 50% more. Therefore, with all the Nazi agencies working on their own to impress Hitler, and not together, there was no clear plan in how to increase war production, just ways in which to electrify the Fuhrer and not total war. Additionally, Gauleiter also had different aims than the state, and aimed to Germanise and not develop the war economy, which also lead to mass shortages in labour and raw materials. Indeed, the SS played a huge role in limiting Germany’s war production. The SS were in charge of all the occupied concentration camps, and towards the end of the war they were in charge of 150 firms exploiting slave labour to extract raw materials and manufacture textiles, armaments, and household goods. Additionally, the SS never exploited occupied countries’ economy, thus did not use their industries successfully. Heinrich Himmler, the leader of the SS clashed with Speer; due to the fact concentration camp factories were inefficient, as Speer preferred using paid labour in occupied countries. In conjunction with this point, labour in the concentration camps contained horrific conditions, thus workers could not work efficiently in the camps to produce the amounts anticipated. Therefore, if the SS exploited occupied countries’ economies, then they would have been able to use paid labour, resulting in the workers working harder to the war effort; thus producing more raw materials vital to the war effort. In addition, the SS were in the process of exterminating 6 million Jews, wasting ammunition, raw materials, and supplies on them keeping them in concentration camps. One cannot contradict on the fact that Nazi ideology limited Germany’s war production. The Nazis viewed the war as a ‘radical war’, in which the superior Aryans would triumph over the Slavs and inferior groups and they aimed to make the whole of Europe become ‘Jew Free’. The Nazis had utilised the Great Depression to gain support, promising ‘bread and work’. As a result, Hitler always believed that he needed to give the people bread and butter at the same time as supporting a war economy; thus Hitler wanted to keep up with the production of consumer goods. By doing this concentrating on consumer goods as opposed to total war production vastly slowed down the production of armaments, ammunition, and many more materials essential to the war effort. These nationalistic beliefs also undermined labour, as conscription of women was ideologically based, with the Nazi view of women revolving around ‘Kinder, Kuche, and Kirche’ (children, kitchen, church). Consequently, due to such nationalist views and remaining loyal to Nazi ideology, war production could not increase due to a huge shortage in labour, with women persisting to be viewed as the stereotypical housewife, thus if women were conscripted to the labour force, war production would have been of vast improvements. Additionally, the Jewish race could have been used as a labour force to the war effort, instead of being held captive at concentration camps waiting to be murdered. However, putting a side Nazi ideology, it is said that Albert Speer nearly worked a miracle, by employing women and making concentration camps as labour camps; so there was some success in the war economy. Finally, because of the catastrophic nature of the Nazi Government, labour and raw materials were extremely short, thus resorted to total war as an attempt to quickly increase war production. Natural resources such as iron, coal, oil and many more needed to be produced at tolerable standards that were needed for a sustained war effort. In order to fight a major war, Germany needed the annex of other nations’ resources, which initially failed due to the failure of military Blitzkreig in 1942. Additionally, these shortages of raw materials were due to the lack of labour in Germany, as women’s labour declined from 14. 6 million, to 14. 1 million. However, women’s labour peaked to 14. 9 million in 1944, due to the actions of Speer, who employed more women in arms factories; which did however increase Germany’s war production. Speer’s actions were effective during total war, in the process of rationalisation when he made huge improvements in the economy. So yes, during total war and rationalisation, Germany’s war production was looking positive, but due to the small production of raw materials and a shortage of workers, Germany could not produce enough to make a real significance in the war effort. Undeniably, Germany did see some success in war production due to the actions of Albert Speer, having such a good relationship with Hitler; he was able to relax constraints on businesses that were made to fit the Nazis’ wishes. Thus, this encouraged his programme of ‘industrial self-responsibility’ to provide mass production in Germany; which inevitably succeeded. Nevertheless, there is no denying the reality that it was primarily the chaotic nature of the government that caused failure within Germany’s war production. Due to Nazi ideology, there was no intense loyalty to the war effort shown by any agencies, as they all acted to impress Hitler, thus did not work together stalling war production massively. In conjunction with this, the chaotic nature of the Nazi government deeply effected labour, with a shortage of female workers. Finally, as a result, raw materials were significantly behind, thus there was no proper sustained war effort.

Chaucers Parody To Courtly Love Essay -- English Literature Chaucer E

Chaucer's Parody To Courtly Love After the Knight tells his story, the Miller insists very rudely to tell his tale. Chaucer uses the aspect of courtly love which is found in the Knights tale and makes a parody of it; He uses the Miller?s character to mock the Knights idea of courtly love. Miller describes the heroine of his story Alison, as a wife of an older man and also an infidel. She?s compared to a ?wezele? sly and cunning. The description of Alison clearly indicates that she is very different from an innocent girl from courtly love stories instead she?s well aware of her husbands jealousy and wears elaborate cloths to show off her beauty. ?Of col-blak silk, withinne and eek withoute? Alison shows off that she?s rich by wearing the most expensive fabric of silk at the time, again this adds to the opposite side of courtly love romances in which the girl would not show off but in fact stay unaware of such matters as the character of Emily in the Knights tale. Miller then uses two male Characters who show great admiration for Alison but unlike the love ...

Mcdonald’s Business Plan Essay

McDonald’s Corporation is the world’s leading food service organization. By 1967 McDonalds expanded its operations to countries outside the U.S.A. This unyielding expansion led the Corporation to open 23,000 McDonald’s restaurants in 110 countries in 1994, producing $3.4 in annual revenues. In addition, McDonald’s opens a new restaurant every three hours and has twice the market share of its closest U.S. competitor, Burger King, representing 7% of total U.S. eating-out sales. Similarly, McDonald’s serves about 1% of the world’s population on any given day through its 23,000 restaurants internationally. Big Mac, the world’s most sold hamburger was developed by Jim Delligutti in 1967 to feed construction workers. ‘Big Mac’ is the biggest attraction and backbone of the corporation. Moreover, McDonald’s maintains its competitive advantage by constantly creating new items to add onto its menu. This shows us that McDonald ’s practices an analyzer type of strategy, introducing new items and defending its existing ones. This is a sample business plan and here we reflect our standard business plan model, some of the numbers shown in our following Financial Plan are fictitious, so be advised. 1.1 Industry McDonalds Industry is one of the biggest food chain companies around the world; is the world’s largest fast food restaurant chain, with over 32,000 locations in over 110 countries. McDonald’s operates its own restaurants and franchises its brand to local businesspeople (about 70% of the world’s McDonald’s restaurants are franchised). In the U.S, McDonald’s focused on increasing sales at existing locations by renovating stores, expanding menu options and extending store hours. Internationally, McDonald’s expanded aggressively, opting to franchise rather than operate its new locations, providing new income with little overhead. Domestically, McDonald’s  continues to perform well despite a pullback in consumer spending and is even benefiting as consumers trade down from more expensive eating options and at the same time, international operations are driving profit growth. 1.2 Target Customers McDonald’s uses demographic segmentation strategic with age as a parameter. The main target segments are children, young adults and the busy executive on the go. Kids reign supreme in FMCG (Fast-moving consumer goods) purchase related to food products so, to attract children McDonalds has Happy Meal with which toys ranging from hot wheels to various Walt Disney characters, the teenagers with the price on the products to satisfy their expectative as well as the facility of the WI-FI which it makes it attractive to most of the student’s college students. Also, the strategy is aimed at making McDonald’s a fun place to eat attracting the young urban families wanting to spend some quality time while their children have fun at the outlet. 1.3 Competitor Analysis McDonald’s is the clear leader of the fast food industry in terms of revenues generated and restaurants established; it faces competition from other fast food chains which are introducing new products themselves. The major direct competitors in the (hamburger-based) fast food industry that includes: Burger King the second largest hamburger fast food chain, Wendy’s which are the third largest hamburger fast food chain, and some others. McDonald’s also competes with non-hamburger-based fast food restaurants, local and national dine-in restaurants (such as Red Robin’s and Shari’s), pizza parlors, coffee shops (Starbucks), street vendors, convenience stores and supermarkets. But, even though McDonalds still the most famous and visited by the different types of families worldwide. 1.4 Company Description McDonald’s was founded and started franchising in 1955. A man name Ray Kroc, who was a milkshake mixer vendor, came across brothers Dick and Mac McDonald, who were running a small hamburger stand. He saw how quickly  customers were being served and suggested the brothers open a chain of restaurants. They did, and Kroc became their business  partner. McDonald’s, and the signature golden arches, have since become internationally recognized symbols. Their signs proclaim â€Å"millions served,† and that is not an exaggeration. With over 32,000 locations worldwide, McDonald’s is the leading global fast food franchise. 1.5 Products / Service Plan Customer perception is a key factor affecting a product’s success. Many potentially revolutionary products have failed simply because of their inability to build a healthy perception about themselves in the customers’ minds. McDonalds being an internationally renowned brand brings with it certain expectations for the customers that expect to be in a hygienic ambient and a little sophisticated brand that respects their values. The customer’s expect the brand to enhance their self-image. Customer responses obtained at the Vile Parle, Mumbai outlet confirmed the fact that they connect strongly with the brand. However, fulfilling some of the customer expectations like a broader product variety provide McDonald’s a great scope for improvement. 1.6 Mission and Vision Vision: Is to be the world’s best quick service restaurant experience. Being the best means providing outstanding quality, service, cleanliness, and value, so that we make every customer in every restaurant smile. Mission: Be the best employer for our people in each community around the world; deliver operational excellence to our customers in each of our restaurants; and achieve enduring profitable growth by expanding the brand and leveraging the strengths of the McDonalds system through innovation and technology. Marketing Plan 3.1 Market Description There are close to 50,000 fast food chains across the United States, with McDonalds being the largest restaurant chain. In the world, there are more than 500,000 fast food places. Kids between the ages of 6 and 14 eat fast food 157,000,000 times every month. Ninety-six percent of kids in school could recognize an image of Ronald McDonald, the face of McDonalds. The only recognizable figure that ranked higher was Santa Claus. To top it off, Americans spend nearly $100 billion on fast food every year. There are around 13,000 McDonalds in the U.S. 40% of all of American family meals are eaten outside the home. 3.2 Market Facts McDonalds has grown rapidly in the last 10 years, following are some points related to the fast food customers in the USA. * 40% of all of American family meals are eaten outside the home. * 1 in every 4 Americans eat at a McDonalds on a daily basis 11 * McDonalds sells more toys than Toys R Us each year. * With all the tests scientists did, they came to the conclusion that many children can recognize McDonalds before they can even speak. * Over 25 percent of Americans consume fast food every day 3.3 Market Growth Fast food restaurants represent one of the largest segments of the food industry with over 200,000 restaurants and $120 billion in sales in the U.S. alone. Fast food restaurants, also known as quick service restaurants, are noted for their short food preparation time. Some of the largest players in this category include international giants like McDonald’s. 3.4 Market Demand Fast food restaurants in the USA are getting more demanding with the passage of time. Following are some common demands that have arise in the recent past. 1. Affordable: Fast food is affordable people and families with low income are able to afford the food from fast food restaurants. 2. Convenience: Families today are always on the go between works, school, and after school activities the quick accessibility to be able to order, get served, and eat a meal in just minutes makes it convenient for families today. 3. Easy access: They are now the world’s leading fast-food retailer, with more than 30,000 restaurants serving more than 52 million people in more than 100 countries each day. This makes it easily accessible for everyone. 3.5 Market Opportunities McDonalds offers a lot of opportunities for existing and potential investors. Their market is growing for many reasons some of them are the following: 1. More than 70 percent of McDonald’s restaurants around the world are owned and operated by independent local businesspeople. 2. The most frequently used method to buy a McDonalds franchise for sale is by buying an existing restaurant. 3.6 Barriers to Entry Government regulations, economies of scale, customer loyalty, advertising budget, and an exclusive agreement with suppliers are some barriers to entry for the fast food industry. 3.7 Targeted Audience McDonalds will be starting its operations in Miami, Florida. McDonalds target their advertising at children and students which is an important market for them. A parent with children might visit which gives children a treat. McDonald’s Happy Meals are one example, which includes a toy often, tied in with a newly-released children’s film, building playgrounds inside their restaurants, and creating one of the world’s best-known mascots, Ronald McDonald. The children want to visit McDonalds as it is a fun place to eat. McDonald’s was the first chain to put its restaurants near—and inside—schools as a strategy to market to children. In Chicago, one of the chain’s biggest markets, more than 90 percent of the city’s McDonald’s were located within walking distance of a school. Children watch, on average, an hour of fast-food commercials on television each week—more time than many children spend playing outside. The average child sees about 20,000 fast-food commercials every year. In 2006, fast-food restaurants sold more than 1.2 billion kids’ meals with toys. An estimated 20 percent of public schools sell branded fast food, mostly in high schools, where kids have more  discretion to buy â€Å"a la carte,† rather than from the regular lunch program. 3.8 Competition In one sense, McDonald’s doesn’t have any real competitors, as they are the  largest restaurant chain worldwide. But some of the other restaurant chains large enough to cut into its market share include Burger King Corporation. So how is it possible for Burger King to go up against history itself? Surprisingly they did and even though McDonald is still the best fast food franchise Burger King is trailing by not too far. One of the reasons why Burger King was so successful includes many factors but one of them was location. One of the best ways to explain it is Burger King has always found outlets where there is a large concentration of people but that wasn’t there only strategy because they also had the great idea of going head-to-head with McDonald across the street. By setting outlets in front or near a McDonald outlet they were guaranteeing visibility of their franchise. McDonald can come up with new marketing ploys and new food but it couldn’t have the advantage of location like Burger King. Remember both of them are fast food franchises so for the common customer the closest franchise is enough. In most cases people who have ate at McDonald’s have tried Burger King and people who ate at Burger King have tried McDonald and that’s completely normal. At the end of the day there isn’t much difference except for the name of every meal. If you look at it both franchises have the same types of combo which includes a hamburger, fries and a soft drink. The process may vary a little bit but in general you’ll be eating the same thing at both outlets. I. Product The first p is product. Which is one of the important things to remember when offering menu items to possible customers is that there is a huge amount of preference available to those potential customers with regard to how and where they spend their money. Marketing constantly monitors the customers’ preferences. In order to meet these changes, McDonald’s has created many new products and removed old ones over time, and they will continue to do that depending on what the customers’ needs are.

Pennfoster essay Essay

Answer Questions 1–4 in one or two sentences. Question 1 is based on the following paragraph. A trip to the ocean can be a relaxing escape from the everyday pressures of life. A sailboat glistening on the horizon provides a mental escape to faraway places. The rhythm of the ocean beating against the sand is sedating music to a troubled mind. A slow, gentle breeze can relax your tensions. You should always be careful to avoid overexposure to the sun at the beach. 1. Type the sentences that answer the following questions: a. What sentence is the topic sentence of the paragraph? A trip to the ocean can be relaxing escape from everyday pressures of life is the topic sentence of the paragraph. b. What sentence is unrelated to the topic and can be eliminated? You should always be careful to avoid overexposure to the sun at the beach can be eliminated. The topic is about relaxing from everyday pressures of life. 2. List four things to look for when you’re proofreading When proofreading the four things you should look for are Misspelled words, improper punctuation, wrong usage of sentence structure and tense agreement 3. Complete the following two steps: a. Define the term clichà ©. Clichà © is an expression or idea that has lost its originality. b. Write one sentence that contains a clichà ©. Even while the phrase was degenerating to clichà © in ordinary public use . . . scholars were giving it increasing attention 4. Name and explain two types of prewriting. Brainstorming is jotting down thoughts and ideas about a topic before writing. Idea web is creating lists or webs of related words and ideas in order to organize your thoughts before writing 5. Choose one of the topics listed below and write a five-sentence paragraph using chronological order b. Writing a paper takes patience and time. Writing a paper takes patience and time because you must first plan the paper by using form of prewriting. The forms of prewriting are brainstorming,  webbing, free writing, and clustering. Before you start your first draft you need to use a method of planning whatever method you’re most comfortable with to organize your idea. When you complete your rough draft, you must check your work, this is called proofreading. When proofreading you check for punctuation, spelling errors, and sentence structure and adding new sentences where they’re needed. The final step in presenting a good piece of writing is to revise your rough draft, and move onto a final draft, which is the draft you present to your audience. 6. Choose one of the following topics. Write an eight-sentence paragraph that fully develops the topic. A high school diploma is important to my future because college admissions counselors and potential employers usually won’t consider you unless you have one. Having a high school diploma well increase my image. Having a high school diploma will increase my knowledge in daily living skills and increase my knowledge in academics. Having a high school diploma will set a great example for younger children. Having a high school diploma will help me be successful and build good character. My future depends upon my ability to earn a good income. That means that I will need my high school diploma to get me into a good college so I can get a career and earn a good income.

Free Essays on Ecology

Ecosystems An ecosystem is the simplest entity that can sustain life. At its most basic, an ecosystem consists of several species and a fluid medium (air, water, or both); it sustains two processes, the cycling of chemical elements and the flow of energy. Ecology: Scientific study of relationships between organisms and their environment The living part of an ecosystem is the ecological community, which is a set of species connected by food webs and trophic levels. A trophic level: Group of organisms with the same relative position within the food chain. (troph = nourishment) Trophic levels 1st Trophic Level referred to as Producers or autotrophs (auto = self). are organisms which make their own food from inorganic chemicals and a source of energy. E.g. green plants blue-green algae and bacteriu 2nd Trophic Level: Consumers = Heterotrophs (hetero = other, different). Primary consumers = herbivores E.g. grasshoppers, cows 3rd Trophic level: Carnivore (secondary) Consumers: lynx, meadowlarks. 4th Trophic level: a. Omnivores: (eat plant and animals) e.g. humans, black bears. b. Tertiary consumers E.g. carnivores which eat carnivores (hawks, bass) c. Decomposers/scavengers: E.g. live off the dead biotic remains and wastes (earthworms, beetles). Dominance: refers to the species that are most abundant or otherwise most important within the community. In the hotsprings certain bacteria survive better at some temperatures than others. Therefore the springs are coloured by the dominant bacteria according to temperature Terrestrial Food Web 1st Trophic: grasses, herbs, trees 2nd Trophic: herbivores that graze upon the grasses (mice, pine borers, deer) 3rd Trophic: Carnivores (spiders, hawks [3 & 4 level] 4th Trophic: Omnivores (black bears, people) Oceanic Food Web more complex than terrestrial food webs 1st Trophic: phytoplankton live on the surface environment of the ocean. Algae. 2nd Trophic: h... Free Essays on Ecology Free Essays on Ecology Ecosystems An ecosystem is the simplest entity that can sustain life. At its most basic, an ecosystem consists of several species and a fluid medium (air, water, or both); it sustains two processes, the cycling of chemical elements and the flow of energy. Ecology: Scientific study of relationships between organisms and their environment The living part of an ecosystem is the ecological community, which is a set of species connected by food webs and trophic levels. A trophic level: Group of organisms with the same relative position within the food chain. (troph = nourishment) Trophic levels 1st Trophic Level referred to as Producers or autotrophs (auto = self). are organisms which make their own food from inorganic chemicals and a source of energy. E.g. green plants blue-green algae and bacteriu 2nd Trophic Level: Consumers = Heterotrophs (hetero = other, different). Primary consumers = herbivores E.g. grasshoppers, cows 3rd Trophic level: Carnivore (secondary) Consumers: lynx, meadowlarks. 4th Trophic level: a. Omnivores: (eat plant and animals) e.g. humans, black bears. b. Tertiary consumers E.g. carnivores which eat carnivores (hawks, bass) c. Decomposers/scavengers: E.g. live off the dead biotic remains and wastes (earthworms, beetles). Dominance: refers to the species that are most abundant or otherwise most important within the community. In the hotsprings certain bacteria survive better at some temperatures than others. Therefore the springs are coloured by the dominant bacteria according to temperature Terrestrial Food Web 1st Trophic: grasses, herbs, trees 2nd Trophic: herbivores that graze upon the grasses (mice, pine borers, deer) 3rd Trophic: Carnivores (spiders, hawks [3 & 4 level] 4th Trophic: Omnivores (black bears, people) Oceanic Food Web more complex than terrestrial food webs 1st Trophic: phytoplankton live on the surface environment of the ocean. Algae. 2nd Trophic: h...

Learn More About the History of the United States Postal Service

Learn More About the History of the United States Postal Service On July 26, 1775, members of the Second Continental Congress, meeting in Philadelphia, agreed . . . that a Postmaster General be appointed for the United States, who shall hold his office at Philadelphia, and shall be allowed a salary of 1,000 dollars per annum . . . . That simple statement signaled the birth of the Post Office Department, the predecessor of the United States Postal Service and the second oldest department or agency of the present United States of America. Colonial TimesIn early colonial times, correspondents depended on friends, merchants, and Native Americans to carry messages between the colonies. However, most correspondence ran between the colonists and England, their mother country. It was largelyto handle this mail that, in 1639, the first official notice of a postal service in the colonies appeared. The General Court of Massachusetts designated Richard Fairbanks tavern in Boston as the official repository of mail brought from or sent overseas, in line with the practice in England and other nations to use coffee houses and taverns as mail drops. Local authorities operated post routes within the colonies. Then, in 1673, Governor Francis Lovelace of New York set up a monthly post between New York and Boston. The service was of short duration, but the post riders trail became known as the Old Boston Post Road, part of todays U.S. Route 1. William Penn established Pennsylvanias first post office in 1683. In the South, private messengers, usually slaves, connected the huge plantations; a hog head of tobacco was the penalty for failing to relay mail to the next plantation. Central postal organization came to the colonies only after 1691 when Thomas Neale received a 21-year grant from the British Crown for a North American postal service. Neale never visited America. Instead, he appointed Governor Andrew Hamilton of New Jersey as his Deputy Postmaster General. Neales franchise cost him only 80 cents a year but was no bargain; he died heavily in debt, in 1699, after assigning his interests in America to Andrew Hamilton and another Englishman, R. West. In 1707, the British Government bought the rights to the North American postal service from West and the widow of Andrew Hamilton. It then appointed John Hamilton, Andrews son, as Deputy Postmaster General of America. He served until 1721 when he was succeeded by John Lloyd of Charleston, South Carolina. In 1730, Alexander Spotswood, a former lieutenant governor of Virginia, became Deputy Postmaster General for America. His most notable achievement probably was the appointment of Benjamin Franklin as postmaster of Philadelphia in 1737. Franklin was only 31 years old at the time, the struggling printer and publisher of  The Pennsylvania Gazette. Later he would become one of the most popular men of his age. Two other Virginians succeeded Spotswood: Head Lynch in 1739 and Elliot Benger in 1743. When Benger died in 1753, Franklin and William Hunter, postmaster of Williamsburg, Virginia, were appointed by the Crown as Joint Postmasters General for the colonies. Hunter died in 1761, and John Foxcroft of New York succeeded him, serving until the outbreak of the Revolution. During his time as a Joint Postmaster General for the Crown, Franklin effected many important and lasting improvements in the colonial posts. He immediately began to reorganize the service, setting out on a long tour to inspect post offices in the North and others as far south as Virginia. New surveys were made, milestones were placed on principal roads, and new and shorter routes laid out. For the first time, post riders carried mail at night between Philadelphia and New York, with the travel time shortened by at least half. In 1760, Franklin reported a surplus to the British Postmaster General , a first for the postal service in North America. When Franklin left office, post roads operated from Maine to Florida and from New York to Canada, and mail between the colonies and the mother country operated on a regular schedule, with posted times. In addition, to regulate post offices and audit accounts, the position of surveyor was created in 1772; this is considered the precursor of todays Postal Inspection Service. By 1774, however, the colonists viewed the royal post office with suspicion. Franklin was dismissed by the Crown for actions sympathetic to the cause of the colonies. Shortly after, William Goddard, a printer and newspaper publisher (whose father had been postmaster of New London, Connecticut, under Franklin) set up a Constitutional Post for inter-colonial mail service. Colonies funded it by subscription, and net revenues were to be used to improve the postal service rather than to be paid back to the subscribers. By 1775, when the Continental Congress met at Philadelphia, Goddards colonial post was flourishing, and 30 post offices operated between Portsmouth, New Hampshire, and Williamsburg. Continental Congress After the Boston riots in September 1774, the colonies began to separate from the mother country. A Continental Congress was organized at Philadelphia in May 1775 to establish an independent government. One of the first questions before the delegates was how to convey and deliver the mail. Benjamin Franklin, newly returned from England, was appointed chairman of a Committee of Investigation to establish a postal system. The report of the Committee, providing for the appointment of a postmaster general for the 13 American colonies, was considered by the Continental Congress on July 25 and 26. On July 26, 1775, Franklin was appointed Postmaster General, the first appointed under the Continental Congress; the establishment of the organization that became the United States Postal Service nearly two centuries later traces back to this date. Richard Bache, Franklins son-in-law, was named Comptroller, and William Goddard was appointed Surveyor. Franklin served until November 7, 1776. Americas present Postal Service descends in an unbroken line from the system he planned and placed in operation, and history rightfully accords him major credit for establishing the basis of the postal service that has performed magnificently for the American people. Article IX of the Articles of Confederation, ratified in 1781, gave Congress The sole and exclusive right and power . . . establishing and regulating post offices from one State to another . . . and exacting such postage on papers passing through the same as may be requisite to defray the expenses of the said office . . . . The first three Postmasters GeneralBenjamin Franklin, Richard Bache, and Ebenezer Hazardwere appointed by, and reported to, Congress. Postal laws and regulations were revised and codified in the Ordinance of October 18, 1782. The Post Office Department Following the adoption of the Constitution in May 1789, the Act of September 22, 1789 (1 Stat. 70), temporarily established a post office and created the Office of the Postmaster General. On September 26, 1789, George Washington appointed Samuel Osgood of Massachusetts as the first Postmaster General under the Constitution. At that time there were 75 post offices and about 2,000 miles of post roads, although as late as 1780 the postal staff consisted only of a Postmaster General, a Secretary/Comptroller, three surveyors, one Inspector of Dead Letters, and 26 post riders. The Postal Service was temporarily continued by the Act of August 4, 1790 (1 Stat. 178), and the Act of March 3, 1791 (1 Stat. 218). The Act of February 20, 1792, made detailed provisions for the Post Office. Subsequent legislation enlarged the duties of the Post Office, strengthened and unified its organization, and provided rules and regulations for its development. Philadelphia was the seat of government and postal headquarters until 1800. When the Post Office moved to Washington, D.C., in that year, officials were able to carry all postal records, furniture, and supplies in two horse-drawn wagons. In 1829, upon the invitation of President Andrew Jackson, William T. Barry of Kentucky became the first Postmaster General to sit as a member of the Presidents Cabinet. His predecessor, John McLean of Ohio, began referring to the Post Office, or General Post Office as it was sometimes called, as the Post Office Department, but it was not specifically established as an executive department by Congress until June 8, 1872. Around this period, in 1830, an Office of Instructions and Mail Depredations was established as the investigative and inspection branch of the Post Office Department. The head of that office, P. S. Loughborough, is considered the first Chief Postal Inspector.

English Coursework - Questions Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

English - Questions - Coursework Example (Point #8) What’s the difference between class drilling and individual drilling? Are some language items more suitable for drilling than others? Which students might respond well to drilling and which might not? (Point #10) Would all kinds of writing practice be suitable for all kinds of students? How would the writing the writing you give to business people differs from the writing you give to school students? Is there any point in giving EAP students story-writing practice? Not all writing need to be done long – what kinds of writing would you give to people wanting to learn English for a holiday trip to England? ( Point#11) Which of the vocabulary methods do you think more useful? Why? What other strategies for teaching vocabulary are you aware? Describe each of the five points chosen. (Point 6) Listening to the radio to get the weather; listening to a television program that offers Bible study, and attending a seminar listening to information on job related material is a hearing/listening activity I do daily. Checking my emails for both academic and social communication; reading a magazine in the doctor’s office that provided information on the latest break through in treating different medical conditions; reviewing a study Power Point to work on an academic paper, are different examples of reading and listening for information I may accomplish on any given day.I think it is pretty amazing how much information we receive everyday and equally amazing how many sources it comes from. I think this Point to Consider just wants you to ‘notice’ how many different mediums of information we are exposed to everyday and understand how daunting it must be for someone learning another language to take it all in and make sense of it. (Point7 )Preparing questions for review for students having read a novel versus those prepared for students having read a short story takes into account a broader perspective. With a novel, the questions mig ht include what is the theme; what is the tone; what is the setting. Using deduction and inference applies to students reading a novel and answering questions about the reading. When students are provided questions ahead of a short reading of entertainment sections of a paper such as who, what, where, when, and why then they have an opportunity to use scanning the way native speakers use it to get specific information from smaller pieces of text. I agree. Here are some other types of questions to consider. Some of these are more applicable to one particular genre than the other. Analylitical: Tear the text apart piece by piece. Evaluating: Expressing judgment Inference: Being able to read between the lines, to understand something without having it written out. Synthesizing: Pulling the text together. Valuing: Making a choice, preferring one over the other. View Point: Who is telling the story? How would the story be different if it were told by X instead of Y? (Point 8)Both beginni ng and advanced students benefit from drilling when kept to two minute exercises that challenge answers by asking questions as part of the drill. Using drilling individually focuses on the student for answers while class drilling can involve everyone answering a question. Either way, the use of drilling is only effective when it involves having students respond to a specific inquiry rather than repeating what is said. Repeating what an instructor says is useful for beginning work one on one with a student or in having individuals repeat the